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Active Directory Replication: is the process by which a change made to an Active Directory objects on one domain controller is propagate to another domain controller. Type of change can be addition, modification, container change or deletion of an object. When a change occurs, domain controller notify to other domain controller which is called Change Notification . Then replication partners generates Change Request . Then the source domain controller send the Update to replication partners.  The delay between the time a change occurs and the time it is propagated to all domain controllers in the site is known as  Replication Latency . 15 Sec for first direct replication partner (Configurable) 3 sec for rest replication partner (Configurable) Security updates like Password lock do not wait for 15 sec and replicates immediately and known as Urgent Replication . Changes can take place on any DC. It may possible that same change take place on multiple DC at same time and this can cause

Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) Roles or Operation Masters : Active Directory updates generally multi master "Changes can be made on any DC". But we still have some roles which Microsoft does not allow to multiple DC, these role call single master. Assign automatically to the first domain controller in a domain. Used to reduce conflict and facilitate communication concerning replication between. - First DC in a forest holds all roles - First DC in a new domain within existing forest holds all domain roles Forest wide roles : Only one DC contains these roles in a forest. Schema Master : Responsible for schema update. If this operations master is unavailable, no schema changes can be made. Domain Naming Master : Responsible for change to configuration naming context, adding and removing domain. After update it replicates to other DCs. If unavailable, cannot add or remove domain. Domain Naming Master must also be a global catalog server "May be unnecessary in sing

Active Directory Partitions or Active Directory Naming Contexts: A partition is a data structure within AD used to distinguish data for different replication purposes. Active Directory divides information into multiple partitions. Each domain controllers have a copy of the NTDS.DIT database file which contains a minimum of three NCs. Schema NC: Contains the rules and definitions that are used to creating and modifying object classes and attributes within Active Directory. Information of this partition replicates to every domain controller in a forest. Configuration NC: Contains information regarding the physical topology of the network. As well as other configuration data that must be replicated throughout the forest. This information flows to every domain controller within a forest. Domain NC: Domain NC consists of user, computer, and other resource information for a particular Active Directory Domain. Information of this partition replicates to every domain controller within the

Active Directory (AD)   is a  directory  service that Microsoft developed for Windows domain networks. It is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services. Active Directory is a database that keeps track of all the user accounts and passwords in your organization. It allows you to store your user accounts and passwords in one protected location, improving your organization's security. Active Directory is subdivided into one or more domains By simple meaning,  Active Directory   is a centralize repository of  O bjects . Everything like User, Group, Service, Resources etc, is an object for Active Directory.  Active Directory  is simply a collection of all these resources. When we put all these object together under a logical grouping or boundary including network resources to construct  Active Directory  is know as  Domain . A single/ multiple  Domains  in contiguous namespace together construct a  Tree   and  single/ multiple  Trees  with a t

Active Directory is a central repository of Objects. We can define objects in two groups: Container Objects  (Which can contain some object) &  Leaf Object  (Can’t contain and other object) Some of the common container objects are below: -->  Domain : Logical grouping of network resources including Users, Groups, Devices, Services and all objects that constructs AD. -->  Tree : Logical grouping of network resources and devices and contain one or more domain. It should be configured in a parent-child relationship and should be use a common namespace. -->  Forest : Largest container object within Active Directory and it's a fundamental security boundary. It contains one or more tree. A user can access resources across an entire Active Directory forest using a single logon/password combination. -->  Organization Unit (OU) : An OU in a container that represents a logical grouping of resources that have similar security or administrative guidelines. It is also used for